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What’s included?
For €490, get access to the highest level of health monitoring.First health checkup
This is where it all begins. A comprehensive test with 110+ biomarkers analyzed.
Second health checkup
Usually 6 months later after the first health checkup. To help you compare and monitor changes.
Personalized recommendations
You get a tailored action plan to help you improving your results.
List of the 110+ tests
The following tests are included with your €490 Lucis annual membership.Initial test
Follow-up test
Heart and vascular health (17)
Hematology & Iron (12)
Immunity & Inflammation (10)
Kidney Health (12)
Liver Health (14)
Metabolic Health (7)Nutrients & Oxidative Stress (13)
Sex Hormones (9)
Stress & Recovery (3)
Thyroid health (4)Urine Analysis (7)Heart and vascular healthUric acid
Uric acid is a biomarker produced during the breakdown of purines, which are compounds found in many foods and naturally in the body. It acts as an antioxidant (a substance that prevents damage from free radicals) at moderate levels but can cause health issues like gout (a type of arthritis) and kidney problems when elevated
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein found in **atherogenic lipoproteins** (like LDL and VLDL), which are linked to **atherosclerosis** (the buildup of plaque in arteries). Each particle of these lipoproteins contains one ApoB molecule, making it a direct measure of the number of these particles in the blood
Apolipoprotein A1
Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-1) is the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health and has anti-inflammatory properties
Total Cholesterol
Total cholesterol is a lipid (fat) molecule found in the blood, essential for building cell membranes and producing hormones. It exists in various forms, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which play different roles in cardiovascular health.
HDL cholesterol
HDL-Cholesterol, often referred to as 'good cholesterol,' is a component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), which are protein-lipid nanoparticles. HDL plays a crucial role in removing excess cholesterol from cells and transporting it to the liver for excretion, thereby helping to prevent atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in arteries).
Non-HDL cholesterol
Non-HDL cholesterol represents all cholesterol that is not carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It includes LDL, VLDL, and other atherogenic lipoproteins. This measurement is considered a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it captures all potentially harmful cholesterol particles.
LDL cholesterol
LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) is a type of cholesterol found in the blood, often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol. It plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in arteries), which can lead to cardiovascular diseases
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood, often used as a biomarker for cardiovascular health. They are a key component of lipids (fats) and are crucial for energy storage and metabolism. Elevated levels can indicate increased risk of heart disease and other metabolic issues.
Lipoprotein (a)
Lipoprotein(a) is a type of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that includes apolipoprotein(a), which is linked to increased cardiovascular risk. It is similar to LDL but has unique properties due to its apolipoprotein(a) component, which influences its pathogenic potential
Erythrocyte fatty acid profile
The erythrocyte fatty acid profile analyzes the fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes, providing a reliable assessment of long-term dietary fat intake and metabolism. It reflects cellular membrane health and can identify deficiencies in essential fatty acids that impact cardiovascular and neurological health.
Oxidized LDL
Oxidized LDL is a modified form of low-density lipoprotein that has undergone oxidative damage. It's highly atherogenic and plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation and plaque formation. Elevated levels indicate increased cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress.
ApoB / ApoA1
The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio is a biomarker that compares the levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) in the blood. ApoB is associated with 'bad' cholesterol, while ApoA1 is linked to 'good' cholesterol. This ratio helps assess cardiovascular risk by measuring the balance between atherogenic (harmful) and protective lipoproteins
TG / HDL‑C (Triglycerides/HDL)
The TG/HDL-C ratio compares triglycerides to HDL cholesterol levels, serving as an indicator of cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance. Higher ratios suggest increased risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart disease. Values above 3.5 are considered elevated risk.
Atherogenic Plasma Index (AIP)
The Atherogenic Plasma Index (AIP) is a calculated ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol that assesses cardiovascular risk. Higher AIP values indicate increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. It's particularly useful for identifying small, dense LDL particles that are more atherogenic.
Non-HDL-C
Non-HDL-C represents all atherogenic cholesterol particles by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol. It includes LDL, VLDL, and other potentially harmful lipoproteins. This marker is particularly useful when triglycerides are elevated, as it provides better cardiovascular risk assessment than LDL alone.
LDL-C / HDL-C
The LDL-C/HDL-C ratio compares 'bad' cholesterol to 'good' cholesterol, providing insight into cardiovascular risk. Higher ratios indicate increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Optimal ratios are typically below 2.5, with lower values indicating better cardiovascular protection.
ApoB / LDL-C
The ApoB/LDL-C ratio compares apolipoprotein B to LDL cholesterol, helping assess the number versus size of LDL particles. Higher ratios indicate more small, dense LDL particles which are more atherogenic. This ratio provides additional cardiovascular risk stratification beyond standard lipid panels.
Hematology & IronHemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It is crucial for maintaining oxygen supply to tissues and organs. Abnormal levels can indicate conditions like anemia (low hemoglobin) or polycythemia (high hemoglobin)
Red blood cell (erythrocyte) count
Red blood cell count measures the number of erythrocytes in the blood. These cells contain hemoglobin and are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Abnormal levels can indicate anemia, polycythemia, dehydration, or various blood disorders.
Haematocrit level
Hematocrit (Hct) is the percentage of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the total volume of blood. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Hematocrit reflects how much of your blood is made up of these oxygen-carrying cells, providing insight into overall blood health and oxygen delivery capacity.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein) within a given volume of red blood cells (RBCs). It reflects how much hemoglobin is packed inside RBCs, providing insight into their oxygen-carrying capacity and overall red cell health.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the average size of red blood cells. It helps classify different types of anemia and can indicate vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (high MCV) or iron deficiency (low MCV). Normal MCV values suggest healthy red blood cell production.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) measures the average amount of hemoglobin in each red blood cell. It helps classify types of anemia and evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity. Low MCH may indicate iron deficiency, while high levels can suggest vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Red blood cell distribution (RBC)
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) measures the variation in size of red blood cells. Higher RDW indicates greater variation (anisocytosis) and can suggest nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, or bone marrow disorders. It helps differentiate types of anemia and assess overall blood health.
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) is a measure of the average size of platelets in the blood. It reflects platelet activity and is used as a biomarker for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory processes
Ferritine
Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. It is used as a biomarker to assess iron levels and inflammation. Elevated ferritin can indicate iron overload or inflammation, while low levels suggest iron deficiency
Serum iron
Serum iron measures the amount of iron circulating in the blood bound to transferrin. This test helps assess iron status and can diagnose iron deficiency anemia or iron overload disorders. Low levels may indicate iron deficiency, while high levels can suggest hemochromatosis or liver disease.
Transferrin
Transferrin is a blood protein that binds and transports iron throughout the body. It reflects iron status and helps evaluate iron deficiency or overload. High transferrin levels typically indicate iron deficiency, while low levels may suggest chronic inflammation or liver disease.
Transferrin saturation coefficient (TSC)
Transferrin saturation coefficient measures the percentage of transferrin binding sites occupied by iron. It reflects iron availability and transport efficiency. Low saturation suggests iron deficiency, while high saturation may indicate iron overload or hemochromatosis. It's essential for diagnosing iron disorders.
Immunity & InflammationWhite blood cell count
White blood cell count measures the number of leukocytes in the blood, which are key components of the immune system. These cells fight infections and foreign substances. Elevated counts may indicate infection, inflammation, or blood disorders, while low counts can suggest immune suppression or bone marrow problems.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell, crucial for fighting infections by engulfing and destroying pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. They also release granules and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to combat infections
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell crucial for the immune response, playing key roles in recognizing and responding to pathogens. They include T cells (which help regulate immune responses), B cells (which produce antibodies), and natural killer cells (which attack infected or cancerous cells).
Basophils
Basophils are a rare type of white blood cell (leukocyte) involved in the immune system. They contain granules filled with histamine and heparin, which they release to mediate allergic reactions and inflammation. Basophils help defend against parasites and contribute to tissue repair by promoting blood flow and immune cell recruitment.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell characterized by granules that stain red with acidic dyes. They play key roles in immune defense against parasites, modulating allergic reactions, and contributing to inflammation and tissue repair. Eosinophils also regulate immune responses by interacting with other immune cells such as B cells and T cells.
Monocytes
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) produced in the bone marrow that circulate in the bloodstream and play a key role in immune defense. They detect, engulf, and destroy pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells to further coordinate immune responses and tissue repair.
Platelet count
Platelet count measures the number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which are essential for blood clotting and wound healing. Abnormal platelet counts can indicate bleeding disorders, bone marrow problems, or risk of thrombosis. Normal levels help maintain proper hemostasis.
NLR (Neutrophils/Lymphocytes)
Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a calculated inflammatory marker that reflects the balance between innate and adaptive immunity. Higher ratios indicate increased inflammation, stress, or immune system dysfunction. It's useful for assessing cardiovascular risk and overall inflammatory status.
Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII)
The Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII) combines platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts to assess systemic inflammation and immune status. Higher SII values indicate increased inflammation and immune system activation. It's useful for evaluating cancer prognosis, cardiovascular risk, and overall inflammatory burden.
Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRPus)
Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRPus) is a highly sensitive marker of inflammation and infection. Even small elevations can indicate cardiovascular risk, chronic inflammation, or subclinical infections. It's more precise than regular CRP for assessing low-grade inflammatory states.
Kidney HealthSodium
Sodium is a crucial extracellular cation essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. It is often measured through urine biomarkers to assess intake levels.
Potassium
Potassium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that plays a critical role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and maintaining fluid balance. It helps regulate blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health by counteracting sodium's effects.
Chlorine
Chlorine (chloride) is the major anion in extracellular fluid that maintains acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, and electrical neutrality. It works closely with sodium and is essential for proper hydration and nerve function. Abnormal levels can indicate kidney disease, metabolic disorders, or electrolyte imbalances.
Alkaline reserve (HCO3-)
Alkaline reserve (bicarbonate, HCO3-) measures the blood's buffering capacity against acids. It's crucial for maintaining proper pH balance and reflects kidney function and respiratory status. Abnormal levels can indicate metabolic acidosis, alkalosis, kidney disease, or respiratory disorders.
Urea
Urea is a biomarker produced during the metabolism of proteins and amino acids. It is primarily excreted through urine and serves as an indicator of kidney function. Elevated levels can signal kidney issues, while low levels might indicate liver dysfunction or other metabolic problems. It is commonly referred to as BUN.
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue (creatine), which is filtered out by the kidneys. It serves as a key indicator of kidney function, particularly in assessing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood
GGT / HDL-C
The GGT/HDL-C ratio combines liver enzyme activity with protective cholesterol levels, providing insights into metabolic and cardiovascular health. Elevated ratios may indicate increased oxidative stress, liver dysfunction, and cardiovascular risk, particularly in metabolic syndrome.
eGFR CKD‑EPI 2021
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) CKD-EPI 2021 is the most current formula for assessing kidney function. It estimates how well kidneys filter waste from blood based on creatinine, age, sex, and race. Lower eGFR values indicate decreased kidney function and potential chronic kidney disease.
UACR (urine albumin/creatinine)
Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) measures protein leakage from kidneys, adjusted for urine concentration. It's a sensitive early marker of kidney damage, particularly important for diabetes monitoring. Elevated UACR indicates glomerular damage and increased cardiovascular risk.
BUN/Creatinine (urea/creat)
The BUN/Creatinine ratio compares blood urea nitrogen to creatinine levels, helping differentiate types of kidney dysfunction. Elevated ratios may indicate dehydration, upper GI bleeding, or prerenal kidney problems, while normal ratios with elevated individual values suggest intrinsic kidney disease.
Corrected serum calcium (albumin)
Corrected serum calcium adjusts total calcium levels based on albumin concentration, providing a more accurate assessment of biologically active calcium. Since calcium is largely bound to albumin, this correction is essential when albumin levels are abnormal to properly evaluate calcium status.
"Effective" osmolality
Effective osmolality measures the concentration of osmotically active particles that don't freely cross cell membranes, primarily sodium, glucose, and urea. It reflects the body's fluid balance and helps evaluate hydration status, kidney function, and conditions affecting water-electrolyte homeostasis.
Liver HealthTotal Protein
Blood Protein Level represents the total amount of proteins circulating in your bloodstream, primarily consisting of albumin and globulins. These proteins are crucial in managing fluid balance, bolstering your immune system, and transporting nutrients and hormones, reflecting the overall functionality of nutrient use, hydration, and tissue maintenance in your body.
Plasma albumin
Plasma albumin is the most abundant blood protein, produced by the liver. It maintains oncotic pressure, transports hormones and drugs, and serves as a marker of nutritional status and liver function. Low levels can indicate malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease, or chronic inflammation.
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscles. It plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism by facilitating the transfer of amino groups. Elevated AST levels can indicate liver damage, heart problems, or muscle injury.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme primarily found in the liver cells. It catalyzes the conversion of alanine to pyruvate, playing a key role in glucose metabolism. Elevated ALT levels are a sensitive indicator of liver cell damage and are commonly used to diagnose liver diseases.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at alkaline pH, found in tissues like bone, liver, and intestine. It plays a role in bone calcification and phosphate transport
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT)
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in various tissues, with the highest concentrations in the liver and bile ducts. It plays a role in glutathione metabolism and amino acid transport. Elevated GGT levels often indicate liver disease, bile duct problems, or excessive alcohol consumption.
Total bilirubin
Total bilirubin is a biomarker that measures the sum of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin in the blood. It is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is primarily processed by the liver. Elevated levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other health issues.
Bilirubin, Direct
Direct bilirubin (conjugated bilirubin) is the water-soluble form of bilirubin that has been processed by the liver. Elevated levels can indicate liver disease or bile duct obstruction.
Bilirubin, Indirect
Indirect bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin) is the fat-soluble form of bilirubin that has not yet been processed by the liver. Elevated levels can indicate hemolysis or liver dysfunction.
Lipase
Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down dietary fats. Elevated levels primarily indicate pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis) or damage. It's more specific for pancreatic disorders than amylase and remains elevated longer, making it valuable for diagnosing pancreatic conditions.
FIB-4 (liver fibrosis)
FIB-4 is a calculated score using age, AST, ALT, and platelet count to assess liver fibrosis without biopsy. Higher scores indicate greater likelihood of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. It's particularly useful for monitoring chronic liver disease progression and determining need for further evaluation.
AST/ALT (De Ritis)
The AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis ratio) compares two liver enzymes to help differentiate causes of liver damage. Ratios >2 may suggest alcohol-related liver disease or severe liver damage, while ratios <1 often indicate viral hepatitis or drug-induced liver injury. It aids in liver disease diagnosis and prognosis.
Globulins (calculated)
Globulins are a group of proteins in blood plasma, calculated by subtracting albumin from total protein. They include immunoglobulins (antibodies), transport proteins, and enzymes. Abnormal levels can indicate liver disease, kidney disorders, immune dysfunction, or chronic inflammation.
A/G ratio
The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio compares these two major protein groups in blood. Normal ratios indicate balanced protein production and immune function. Low ratios may suggest liver disease, kidney disorders, or chronic inflammation, while high ratios can indicate dehydration or immune deficiency.
Metabolic HealthTyG (Triglycerides‑Glucose)
The Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index is a calculated marker that combines fasting triglycerides and glucose levels. It serves as a surrogate marker for insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. High TyG values indicate increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.
HOMA‑IR
HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) is a calculated index using fasting glucose and insulin levels to assess insulin resistance. It helps evaluate metabolic health, diabetes risk, and the effectiveness of insulin in regulating blood glucose. Higher values indicate greater insulin resistance.
QUICKI
QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) is a calculated measure of insulin sensitivity derived from fasting glucose and insulin levels. Higher QUICKI values indicate better insulin sensitivity, while lower values suggest insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk.
eAG (estimated average blood glucose)
Estimated Average Glucose (eAG) converts HbA1c values into estimated average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months. It provides a more intuitive understanding of long-term glucose control for diabetes management, helping patients relate their HbA1c to daily glucose readings.
Glucose
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) is a biomarker that measures the concentration of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast. It is a key indicator of glucose homeostasis (the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels) and is crucial for diagnosing and managing diabetes
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
HbA1c, or glycated hemoglobin, is a biomarker that measures the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months by assessing the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It is a crucial indicator of long-term glycemic control
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake in cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and preventing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
Nutrients & Oxidative StressCo-enzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a powerful antioxidant essential for cellular energy production in mitochondria. It protects against oxidative stress and supports cardiovascular health. Low levels may indicate mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, or inadequate dietary intake.
Homocysteine
Homocysteine is an amino acid (a building block of proteins) that, when elevated, can indicate health risks. It is linked to cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative conditions, and its levels are influenced by B vitamins (folate, B12, B6)
Calcium
Calcium is a crucial biomarker involved in numerous physiological processes, including bone health, muscle contraction, and nerve function. It is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth, and its ionized form plays a vital role in various bodily functions.
Phosphates
Phosphates (phosphorus) are essential minerals involved in bone formation, energy metabolism, and cellular functions. They work with calcium to maintain bone strength and are crucial for ATP production. Abnormal levels can indicate kidney disease, bone disorders, or hormonal imbalances affecting calcium-phosphate homeostasis.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a crucial mineral involved in numerous physiological processes, including enzyme activity, energy production, and neuromuscular function. It serves as a cofactor for many enzymes and is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and overall health.
Erythrocyte folate (B9)
Erythrocyte folate measures folate (vitamin B9) stored in red blood cells, providing a more accurate long-term assessment than serum folate. It's essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and preventing neural tube defects. Low levels can cause megaloblastic anemia and neurological problems.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a crucial biomarker that measures the status of this essential micronutrient in the body. It is vital for DNA synthesis, nerve function, and red blood cell formation. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to conditions like anemia and neurological disorders
Vitamin D
Vitamin D, comprising D2 and D3 forms, is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for calcium and phosphate metabolism. It is synthesized in the skin upon sunlight exposure and can also be obtained from diet and supplements. Vitamin D status is assessed by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in the blood
Zinc
Plasma zinc is a biomarker that measures the concentration of zinc in the blood plasma. Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for various metabolic processes, including immune function and growth. Plasma zinc levels reflect recent dietary intake and are used to assess zinc status
Copper
Blood copper level is a biomarker that measures the amount of copper in the blood, reflecting its availability for various bodily functions, including iron metabolism, energy production, and antioxidant defenses. Copper is essential for making enzymes and proteins that support these processes
Selenium
Selenium is an essential trace element that acts as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. It supports immune function, thyroid hormone metabolism, and protects against oxidative damage. Deficiency can impair immune response and increase cancer risk.
Omega-3 Index (O3I)
The Omega-3 Index measures EPA and DHA fatty acids as a percentage of total red blood cell fatty acids. It reflects long-term omega-3 status and cardiovascular protection. Higher values (>8%) are associated with reduced heart disease risk and better brain health.
Omega-6 / Omega-3
The Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio reflects the balance between pro-inflammatory omega-6 and anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids. Modern diets often have elevated ratios (>10:1), promoting inflammation. Optimal ratios (2-4:1) support cardiovascular health and reduce inflammatory disease risk.
Sex HormonesTotal prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. It serves as a screening tool for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate problems, but can also be caused by age, prostatitis, or recent procedures.
Free prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Free PSA is the unbound form of prostate-specific antigen that circulates independently in blood. The free-to-total PSA ratio helps distinguish between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Higher free PSA percentages generally indicate lower cancer risk.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in reproductive function. In women, it triggers ovulation and stimulates progesterone production. In men, it stimulates testosterone production. LH levels help evaluate fertility, menopause, and pituitary disorders.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates reproductive processes. In women, it stimulates ovarian follicle development and estrogen production. In men, it supports sperm production. FSH levels help assess fertility, menopause, and reproductive disorders.
Estradiol
Estradiol is the most potent form of estrogen, primarily produced by the ovaries in women and in smaller amounts by men. It regulates menstrual cycles, supports bone health, and affects cardiovascular function. Estradiol levels help assess reproductive health, menopause, and hormone-related disorders.
Sex hormone-binding protein (SHBG)
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that binds and transports sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) in the blood. It regulates the amount of free, active hormones available to tissues. SHBG levels help evaluate hormone balance and can be affected by age, obesity, and liver function.
Total testosterone
Total testosterone measures both free and bound testosterone in the blood. It's the primary male sex hormone responsible for muscle mass, bone density, libido, and secondary sexual characteristics. In women, it affects mood, energy, and sexual function. Low levels may indicate hypogonadism or aging.
Bioavailable testosterone
Bioavailable testosterone represents testosterone that is free or weakly bound to albumin and available to tissues. It provides a more accurate assessment of testosterone activity than total testosterone, especially when SHBG levels are abnormal. It's crucial for evaluating hormonal status and symptoms.
Free androgen index (FAI)
The Free Androgen Index is a calculated ratio that estimates how much testosterone is available to act in the body relative to the binding protein SHBG (sex hormone–binding globulin). It is computed as 100 × total testosterone (nmol/L) ÷ SHBG (nmol/L) and is primarily used in women to approximate bioavailable androgen activity when direct free testosterone measurement is not available.
Stress & RecoveryCreatine kinase (CK)
Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that catalyzes energy transfer in muscle and brain tissues. Elevated levels indicate muscle damage from exercise, injury, heart attack, or muscle diseases like myositis. Different CK isoforms help identify the source of tissue damage.
Salivary cortisol (CAR)
Salivary cortisol measures the free, active form of cortisol and reflects the cortisol awakening response (CAR). It assesses adrenal function and stress response patterns. Abnormal patterns may indicate chronic stress, adrenal fatigue, or circadian rhythm disruption.
DHEA sulfate
DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) is the sulfated form of dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal hormone precursor to sex hormones. It reflects adrenal function and aging processes. Low levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency, while high levels can suggest adrenal hyperactivity or PCOS.
Thyroid healthThyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones (thyroxine [T4] and triiodothyronine [T3]) by the thyroid gland. It acts as a feedback mechanism to ensure proper thyroid function
Free triiodothyronine (T3L)
Free triiodothyronine (T3L) is the active, unbound form of T3 hormone available to tissues. T3 is the most metabolically active thyroid hormone, regulating metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature. Free T3 levels help assess thyroid function and diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
Free thyroxine (T4L)
Free thyroxine (T4L) is the unbound, active form of the T4 hormone produced by the thyroid gland. T4 is converted to T3 in tissues and regulates metabolism, growth, and development. Free T4 levels are essential for diagnosing thyroid disorders and monitoring thyroid replacement therapy.
Ioduria
Ioduria measures iodine levels in urine, reflecting recent iodine intake and thyroid function status. Adequate iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Low levels may indicate iodine deficiency and risk of thyroid dysfunction, while high levels can suggest excessive intake or thyroid disorders.
Urine AnalysisMicroalbuminuria
Microalbuminuria is the presence of small amounts of albumin in urine, indicating early kidney damage before clinical symptoms appear. It's particularly important in diabetes monitoring as an early sign of diabetic nephropathy. Early detection allows for interventions to prevent progression to kidney disease.
Creatinuria
Creatinuria measures creatinine levels in urine, which reflects muscle mass and kidney function. Since creatinine is produced at a relatively constant rate by muscles and freely filtered by kidneys, urinary creatinine helps normalize other urine measurements and assess kidney filtration.
Glycosuria
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, which normally should be absent. It typically indicates that blood glucose levels have exceeded the kidney's reabsorption threshold, suggesting diabetes or other glucose metabolism disorders. It can also occur with kidney dysfunction affecting glucose reabsorption.
Urinary leukocytes (urine cytology)
Urinary leukocytes (white blood cells in urine) indicate urinary tract inflammation or infection. Their presence suggests bacterial urinary tract infections, kidney inflammation, or other urogenital conditions. Higher counts typically correlate with more severe infections or inflammatory processes.
Urinary occult red blood cells (urine cytology)
Urinary occult red blood cells detect microscopic blood in urine not visible to the naked eye. Their presence (microscopic hematuria) can indicate kidney stones, infections, glomerular disease, tumors, or other urological conditions requiring further evaluation.
Granular cylinders (urine cytology)
Granular cylinders are tube-shaped structures formed in kidney tubules from cellular debris and proteins. Their presence in urine indicates tubular damage or dysfunction, often seen in acute tubular necrosis, chronic kidney disease, or nephrotoxic injury. They suggest significant kidney pathology.
Urinary red blood cells (urine cytology)
Urinary red blood cells indicate visible or microscopic bleeding in the urinary tract. Their presence can result from kidney disease, stones, infections, trauma, or malignancies. The morphology and number of red cells help determine the source and severity of urological conditions.
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